High efficiency and high capacity glass-free fuel filtration media and fuel filters and methods employing the same

ABSTRACT

High efficiency and high capacity glass-free filtration media include a blend of synthetic non-fibrillated staple fibers and fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers, wherein the fibrillated cellulosic fibers are present in the media in an amount to achieve an overall filtration efficiency at 4 microns of 95% or higher and a ratio of filtration capacity to media caliper of 0.5 mg/in 2 /mils and greater. The filtration media is made by forming a wet laid sheet from a fibrous slurry blend of the synthetic non-fibrillated staple fibers and fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers, followed by drying the sheet to obtain the filtration media. Optionally, the filtration media may be provided with a resin binder and may be grooved and/or pleated.

FIELD

The embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to high efficiency and high capacity glass-free fuel filtration media and to fuel filters and methods of filtering fuel which employ the same.

BACKGROUND

Filtration media possessing high filtration efficiency of small sized particulates generally requires small pores in the media so that the particulates to be filtered cannot pass through the media. Small pores in a media however generally result in low permeability and therefore cause high fluid pressure drop through the media. When particulates are captured physically on the upstream side of the media, they will over time gradually block the pores of the media which in turn cause the fluid pressure drop across the media to gradually increase. The quality of any filtration media is thus characterized by the amount of particulates that are capable of being captured (also known as “media capacity”), which occurs at a specific predetermined pressure drop. If the specific predetermined pressure is reached too rapidly, the resulting media capacity will thus be low. The general rule in the filtration industry is that the higher the efficiency possessed by a filtration media, the lower its capacity. Oftentimes therefore a compromise is needed to achieve both acceptable filtration media efficiency and capacity.

High efficiency filtration media, such as required for fuel filtration, often contain staple glass microfibers. Glass microfibers possess unique filtration properties due to their needle-like fiber shape, rigidity and small size. Glass microfibers are therefore widely used in conventional filtration media to provide both high efficiency and high capacity.

With increasing process pressure, for example during heavy-duty diesel fuel filtration, concerns have risen that glass microfibers could be washed out from the filtration media with the filtered fuel and thus enter and damage the internal combustion engine. In order to prevent problems that could result from glass microfibers leaching out of the filtration media, efforts haven been made to develop high-efficiency and high capacity glass-free alternatives to glass microfiber-containing media. The leaching of glass microfibers into the downstream filtrate is not only of concern for internal combustion engine fuel filtration, but also for example in any kind of filtration that comes in contact with the human body, e.g. through ingestion.

Conventional commercially available glass-free filtration media often contain a base-media that provides the required filtration efficiency, e.g. from 100% wood pulp, and a laminated layer of fine staple fibers that provides the required filtration capacity. The manufacture of these conventional forms of filtration media requires high-pressure nipping of the media as well as a multi-stage manufacturing process including the lamination of the efficiency and the capacity layers, resulting in overall high production cost. The multi-layer structure of these conventional media often also results in relatively higher thickness, which is disadvantageous for the pleat geometry of the resulting filter.

It would therefore be highly desirable if filtration media could be provided which is glass-free (i.e., does not contain any glass fibers) but yet exhibits high filtration capacity and efficiency. Such filtration media should also posses a minimum strength sufficient to be further processed and/or pleated (e.g., so as to allow for the formation of filter units comprising such media). It is therefore towards fulfilling such desirable attributes that the present invention is directed.

SUMMARY OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

According to one aspect, the embodiments disclosed herein provide for glass-free non-woven filtration media which is comprised of a blend of staple synthetic fibers and fibrillated cellulosic fibers. According to certain embodiments, the staple synthetic fibers will most preferably comprise or consist of synthetic microfibers. Optionally, the filtration media of certain other embodiments may contain non-fibrillated cellulosic fibers in an amount which does not significantly adversely affect the filtration efficiency and/or capacity of the media.

Certain embodiments will be in the form of high efficiency and high capacity glass-free non-woven filtration media comprising a blend of synthetic non-fibrillated staple fibers and fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers, wherein the fibrillated cellulosic fibers are present in the media in an amount to achieve an overall filtration efficiency at 4 microns of about 95% or higher and a ratio of filtration capacity to media caliper of 0.5 mg/in²/mils and greater.

The synthetic non-fibrillated stable fibers may be formed of a thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polyalkylenes, poyacrylonitriles, and polyamides. Polyesters, especially polyalkylene terephthalates, are especially desirable. Some embodiments will include non-fibrillated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) stable microfibers having an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 microns and an average length of less than about 25 millimeters. The synthetic staple fibers may be present in an amount between about 50 wt. % to about 99.5 wt. % ODW.

The fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers may comprise fibrillated lyocell nanofibers. Certain embodiments will include fibrillated lyocell nanofibers in an amount of between about 0.5 to about 50 wt. % ODW. The fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers may possess a Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) of about 300 mL or less.

Certain embodiments will include a blend of staple polyethylene terephthalate microfibers having an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 microns and an average length of less than about 25 millimeters which are present in an amount of between about 50 wt. % to about 99.5 wt. % ODW, and fibrillated lyocell staple fibers having a Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) of about 300 mL or less which are present in an amount of at least about 0.5 to about 50 wt. % ODW. The fibrillated cellulosic fibers may have an average diameter of about 1000 nanometers or less and an average length between about 1 mm to about 8 mm.

Other components and/or additives may be incorporated into the filtration media. By way of example, some embodiments may include natural wood pulp blended with the synthetic non-fibrillated staple fibers and fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers. If employed, the natural wood pulp may be present in an amount of about 25 wt. % ODW or less. Wet strength additives, optical brighteners, fiber retention agents, colorants, fuel-water separation aides (e.g., silicone additives and associated catalyzers), water or oil repellants (e.g., fluorocarbons), fire or flame retardants, and the like may also be employed as may be desired.

Resin binders may also be added to the filtration media to achieve desired physical properties. If employed, such binder resins may be present in an amount between about 2 to about 50 wt. % SDC.

The filtration media may be formed by a wet-laid slurry process. By way of example, the filtration media may be made by forming a wet laid sheet from a fibrous slurry comprised of a blend of synthetic non-fibrillated staple fibers and fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers, and drying the sheet to obtain the filtration media. The filtration media may be grooved and/or pleated so as to facilitate its use in filtration devices (e.g., filter units associated with on-board fuel filtration systems).

These and other attributes of the various embodiments according to the invention will be better understood by reference to the following detailed descriptions thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a plot of multipass (MP) efficiency (%) at 4 microns versus the content of fibrillated Lyocell nanofibers (wt. %) present in the filtration media.

DEFINITIONS

As used herein and in the accompanying claims, the terms below are intended to have the definitions as follows.

“Fiber” is a fibrous or filamentary structure having a high aspect ratio of length to diameter.

“Staple fiber” means a fiber which naturally possesses or has been cut or further processed to definite, relatively short, segments or individual lengths.

“Nanofibers” mean fibers having an average diameter of less than about 1000 nanometers.

“Fibrous” means a material that is composed predominantly of fiber and/or staple fiber.

“Non-woven” means a collection of fibers and/or staple fibers in a web or mat which are randomly interlocked, entangled and/or bound to one another so as to form a self-supporting structural element.

“Synthetic fiber” and/or “man-made fiber” refers to chemically produced fiber made from fiber-forming substances including polymers synthesized from chemical compounds and modified or transformed natural polymer. Such fibers may be produced by conventional melt-spinning, solution- or solvent-spinning and like filament production techniques.

A “cellulosic fiber” is a fiber composed of or derived from cellulose.

“Freeness” is the measure, in mL, of the rate in which a dilute suspension of staple fiber may be drained, as described in TAPPI Canadian standard method T 227 om-94 (1994) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “Canadian Standard Freeness” or “CSF”), the entire content of which is expressly incorporated hereinto by reference.

“Fibrils” are tiny, minute irregular threadlike elements associated with a staple fiber.

“Fibrillated” means staple fibers that have been further acted upon to form numerous fibrils and which exhibit a Canadian Standard Freeness of about 300 mL or less, preferably about 200 mL or less, typically between about 10 to about 200 mL.

“Non-fibrillated” means unprocessed staple fibers having essentially no fibrils and which exhibit a Canadian Standard Freeness of greater than about 500 mL.

“Fibrillatable” means non-fibrillated staple fibers that inherently possess the ability to be fibrillated using standard mechanical beaters, refiners and the like employed in the paper-making industry.

“Oven-dry weight” or “ODW” means the total weight of fibers or fabric after drying in a hot air oven at 350° F. (177° C.) for 5 minutes.

“Saturated dry cured” or “SDC” means a media saturated with resin, air-dried or dried at low heat for a time sufficient to evaporate solvent from the resin and cured in a hot air oven at 350° F. (177° C.) for 5 minutes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION A. Non-Fibrillated Staple Synthetic Fibers

Virtually any conventional synthetic non-fibrillated staple fibers may be employed in the filtration media of this invention. Especially preferred embodiments will include synthetic non-fibrillated staple fibers formed of a thermoplastic polymer, such as polyesters (e.g., polyalkylene terephthalates such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and the like), polyalkylenes (e.g., polyethylenes, polypropylenes and the like), poyacrylonitriles (PAN), and polyamides (nylons, for example, nylon-6, nylon 6,6, nylon-6,12, and the like). Preferred are staple PET fibers.

The synthetic staple fibers are most preferably microfibers, that is staple fibers which possess average fiber diameters of less than about 10 microns, sometimes less than about 8 microns or even less than about 5 microns, and lengths of less than about 25 millimeters, sometimes less than about 10 millimeters, such as less than about 6.5 millimeters (e.g., less than about 3.5 millimeters).

Particularly preferred synthetic staple microfibers are water dispersible polyalkylene terephthalate microfibers. Preferred are staple polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microfibers. In certain preferred embodiments, the staple PET microfibers are the result of water-washing of water non-dispersible sulfopolyester fibers having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 25° C., the sulfopolyester comprising: (i) about 50 to about 96 mole % of one or more residues of isophthalic acid or terephthalic acid; (ii) about 4 to about 30 mole %, based on the total acid residues, of a residue of sod iosulfoisophthalic acid; (iii) one or more diol residues wherein at least 25 mole %, based on the total diol residues, is a poly(ethylene glycol) having a structure H—(OCH₂—CH₂)_(n)—OH, wherein n is an integer in the range of 2 to about 500; and (iv) 0 to about 20 mole %, based on the total repeating unites, of residues of a branching monomer having 3 or more hydroxyl, and/or carboxyl functional groups. These preferred synthetic staple PET microfibers and their methods of production are more fully described in US Published Patent Application Nos. 2008/0311815 and 2011/0168625 (the entire content of each being expressly incorporated hereinto by reference) and are commercially available from Eastman Chemical Company, Kingsport, Tenn.

The synthetic staple fibers will be employed in the filtration media in an amount between about 50 wt. % to about 99.5 wt. % ODW, preferably between 75 wt. % to about 97.5 wt. % ODW. Especially preferred embodiments will include the synthetic staple fibers in an amount between about 80 wt. % to about 90 wt. % ODW.

B. Cellulosic Fibers

The filtration media will necessarily include fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers which possess a Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) of about 300 mL or less, preferably about 200 mL or less, typically between about 10 to about 200 mL.

Preferred fibrillatable cellulosic staple fibers are those made by direct dissociation and spinning of wood pulp in an organic solvent, such as an amine oxide, and are known as lyocell staple fibers. The fibrillatable cellulose staple fibers may thus be fibrillated by being subjected to standard mechanical beaters, refiners and the like employed in the paper-making industry.

The fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers will be employed in the filtration media in an amount between about 0.5 to about 50 wt. % ODW, preferably between 2.5 to about 25 wt. % ODW. Especially preferred embodiments will include the fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers in an amount between about 10 to about 20 wt. % ODW.

Especially preferred fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers include lyocell staple fibers. The lyocell staple fibers are most preferably nanofibers, that is staple fibers having an average diameter of about 1000 nanometers or less, or sometimes about 400 nanometers or less, for example about 100 nanometers. Some especially preferred embodiments will include fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers of about 250 nanometers. The average length of the Lyocell staple nanofibers is typically between about 1 mm to about 8 mm, or between about 2 mm to about 6 mm, or about 3 mm to about 4 mm.

Preferred fibrillated lyocell nanofibers are commercially available from Engineered Fibers Technology, LLC under the tradename EFTec™ Nanofibrillated Fibers. Preferred commercially available forms of the fibrillated lyocell nanofibers include EFTec™ L010-4, L040-4 and L200-6 Nanofibrillated fibers having degrees of fibrillation at 4 mm or 6 mm fiber length of 0 CSF, 40 CSF and 200 CSF, respectively.

Other non-fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers may optionally be blended with the non-fibrillated synthetic staple fibers and the fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers so as to impart additional stiffness to the filtration media. According to some embodiments, therefore, the addition of from 0 up to about 25 wt. % ODW, for example, from 0 wt. % to about 20 wt. % ODW or to about 15 wt. % ODW, of natural wood pulp (non-lyocell) staple fibers may be desired. A variety of non-lyocell non-fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers are commercially available and may be blended with the other components of the filter media disclosed herein as may be desired.

C. Other Components

The filtration media according to certain embodiments may include a resin binder to achieve desired physical properties. Any suitable resin binders may be added to the filtration media for such a purpose. Suitable examples of binder resins that may optionally be employed include polymers such as styrene acrylic, acrylic, polyethylene vinyl chloride, styrene butadiene rubber, polystyrene acrylate, polyacrylates, polyvinyl chloride, polynitriles, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol derivates, starch polymers, epoxy, phenolics and combinations thereof, including both waterborne or solvent versions. In some cases, the binder resin may be in the form of a latex, such as a water-based emulsion.

If employed, the resin binder may be present in amounts between about 2 to about 50 wt. % SDC, preferably between 10 to about 30 wt. % SDC. Especially preferred embodiments will include the resin binder in an amount between about 12 to about 25 wt. % SDC.

Preferred resin binders include phenolic resins, acrylic resins (e.g., vinyl acrylic latex resins), melamine resins, silicone resins, epoxy resins and the like. One phenolic (phenolformaldehyde) resin that may be employed includes DURITE® SL161A commercially available from Momentive Specialty Chemicals Inc. of Louisville, Ky. One suitable latex based resin binder that may be employed is PD 0458 M1 (a polyoxymethylene nonylphenol branched ether phosphate dispersed in formaldehyde) commercially available from HB Fuller Co. of St. Paul, Minn. A suitable melamine binder resin may be ASTRO® Celrez PA-70 methylated melamine resin system commercially available from Momentive Specialty Chemicals Inc. of Louisville, Ky. Suitable acrylic resins include ACRODUR® formaldehyde-free water-based acrylic resins commercially available from BASF Corporation.

The filtration media may also contain additives conventionally employed in wet-laid filtration media, such as for example, wet strength additives, optical brighteners, fiber retention agents, colorants, fuel-water separation aides (e.g., silicone additives and associated catalyzers), water or oil repellants (e.g., fluorocarbons), fire or flame retardants, and the like. If present, these additives may be included in amounts of up to about 20 wt. % ODW, preferably up to about 10 wt. % ODW, for example between about 1 to about 10 wt. %.

D. Methods of Making

The filtration media described herein may be made by any conventional “wet-laid” paper-making technology. Thus, for example, predetermined amounts of the non-fibrillated synthetic staple fibers and the fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers (along with any optional components, such as the natural wood pulp fibers and/or additives) and water may be placed in a pulper or beater. The fibers are mixed and dispersed by the pulper or beater evenly in the water to form a slurry batch. Some mechanical work can also be performed on the fibers to affect physical parameters, such as permeability, surface properties and fiber structure. The slurry batch may thereafter be transferred to a mixing chest where additional water is added and the fibers are homogenously blended. The blended slurry may then be transferred to a machine chest where one or more slurry batches can be combined, allowing for a transfer from a batch to a continuous process. Slurry consistency is defined and maintained by agitation to assure even dispersion of fibers. In this regard, the slurry may optionally be passed through a refiner to adjust physical parameters.

The slurry is then transferred to a moving wire screen where water is removed by means of gravity and suction. As water is removed, the fibers form into a fibrous nonwoven mat or sheet having characteristics determined by a number of process variables, including for example, the slurry flow rate, machine speed, and drainage parameters. The formed sheet may optionally be compressed while still wet so as to compact the paper and/or modify its surface characteristics. The wet paper mat is then moved through a drying section comprised of heated rollers (or “cans” in art parlance) where most of the remaining entrained water is removed. The dried web may then have a binder applied by any conventional means, such as dipping, spray coating, roller (gravure) application and the like. Heat may then subsequently be applied to dry the web.

If employed as a pleated filtration media, the dried web may advantageously be subjected to machine-direction (longitudinal) grooving using mated male/female rollers. If employed, the media may have about 50 longitudinally extending grooves per 200 mm of media width. Each groove will thus preferably have a nominal width of about 4 mm. A typical grooved glass-containing high-efficiency fuel grade has dimensions such as overall SD (saturated and dried, but not cured) caliper of about 38 mils, SD groove depth of about 13 mils, and SD optical caliper A (optical measurement of media thickness in one groove, therefore representing corresponding flat thickness) of about 28 mils.

The finished (optionally grooved) filtration media may then be taken up on a roll for further processing into finished filter products. For example, one or more finished filtration media sheets may be laminated with one or more other sheets of material (e.g., at least one additional filtration media layer, supporting layer and the like) to achieve desired physical and performance characteristics. The filtration media may also be pleated and formed into a cylindrical filter cartridge that may then be provided as a component part of a filtration unit (e.g., an on-board fuel filter unit). Co-pleating of the filtration media with a supporting wire mesh layer may be desirable in certain end use applications.

The basis weight of the finished filtration media is not critical. Thus, the finished filtration media may have a basis weight of at least about 15 grams per square meter (gsm), more preferably at least about 35 gsm up to about 300 gsm. Some embodiments of the filtration media may possess a basis weight of between about 50 up to about 200 gsm.

The present invention will be further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples thereof.

EXAMPLES Example 1

In the examples described below, the following components were employed:

-   -   PET Microfibers: Non-fibrillated PET staple microfibers having         an average diameter of 2.5 microns, commercially available from         Eastman Chemical Company,     -   Fibrillated Lyocell: Fibrillated lyocell nanofibers commercially         available from Engineered Fibers Technology LLC under the         tradename EFTec™ fibers with Lyocell L010 having a CSF of 10 mL;         Lyocell L040 having a CSF of 40 mL; and Lyocell L200 having a         CSF of 200 mL.     -   Sodra Red: Chemi-Thermal-Mechanical (CTM) Softwood pulp with a         Freeness of 600-700 ml and SR of 15, and a pH of 7.5,         manufactured by Södra, Sweden. Bulk is 4 cm³/g.     -   Alabama Pine or Alabama River Softwood: Southern Softwood         elemental chlorine free (ECF) Kraft Pulp manufactured by         Georgia-Pacific, USA with CSF ranges from 300 to 740 ml and bulk         of 1.48-2.1 cm³/g.     -   HPZIII: Mercerized southern softwood from Buckeye Technologies,         Inc. having an average fiber length of 1.8 mm and 7.3 cm³/g bulk     -   GRAND PRAIRIE: Northern softwood from Weyerhaeuser Co. having         average fiber length of 2.3 mm, CSF ranges from 648-300, bulk         ranges from 1.52-1.24 cm³/g.     -   FIBRIA: Fibria ECF Bleached Eucalyptus Pulp from Aracruz         Cellulose (USA) Incorporated having a drainability of 22-55 SR         and a fiber length of about 0.70 mm     -   KYMENE: A wet strength additive consisting of 12-13% solids of         an aqueous solution of a cationic amine polymer-epichlorohydrin         adduct having specific gravity is 1.03, pH is 3.5-4.5 and the         solution contains 12-13% solids.     -   MOMENTIVE 161A: EPON™ Resin 161, a multifunctional epoxidized         phenolic novolac resin binder commercially available from         Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc. and having a epoxide         equivalent weight of 169-178 g/eq (ASTM D1652), a viscosity (25°         C.) of 18,000-28,000 cP (ASTM D2196) and a density (25° C.) of         10.0 lb/gal.

Procedure:

The samples were produced using a laboratory wetlaid hand sheet mold. The furnish as described in the recipe was mixed with 2 liters of tap water and disintegrated with a standard laboratory disintegrator (Noram) for 1500 revolutions. The furnish was then poured into the wetlaid mold and diluted with approx. 25 liters of tap water, stirred 3 times with a pedal stir, and drained through a standard paper machine wire.

The hand sheets were then squeezed dry with a couching roller rolled across 3 times, pre-dried in a flat bed speed oven for 5 minutes at 350° F. and subsequently dried in an oven for 5 minutes at 350° F. Raw physical data such as raw basis weight, caliper, air permeability were taken immediately after oven drying.

The samples were then saturated with a standard phenolic resin (161A from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc.) at a content of 16% (bath solids of resin bath were 18% in methanol as solvent). The samples were then air dried for 24 hours in ambient conditions, and cured to arrive at the SDC (saturated dried cured) level at 350° F. for 5 minutes. SDC basis weight was recorded immediately after curing, and other SDC data such as SDC caliper and SDC air permeability were measured subsequently. Specifically, these physical parameters were measured as follows:

SDC Caliper: The caliper (thickness) of SDC media was measured using a 89-100 Thickness Tester from Thwing-Albert Instrument Company according to TAPPI Standard T411, “Thickness (caliper) of paper, paperboard and combined board” (incorporated fully by reference herein).

SDC Air Permeability: The air permeability of SDC media was tested with a FX3300 LabAir IV Air Permeability Tester from TexTest, according to ASTM D737, “Standard Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics” incorporated fully by reference herein). Measurements were recorded at 125 Pa in Cubic Feet per Minute (cfm) per area of one square foot.

Filtration performance was measured using a multipass (MP) test according to ISO 19438:2003, “Diesel fuel and petrol filters for internal combustion engines—Filtration efficiency using particle counting and contaminant retention capacity” (incorporated hereinto by reference). ISO 19438:2003 specifies a multi-pass filtration test, with continuous contaminant injection using the on-line particle counting method, for evaluating the performance of fuel filters for internal combustion engines submitted to a constant flow rate of test liquid. The test procedure determines the contaminant capacity of a filter, its particulate removal characteristics and differential pressure. ISO 19438:2003 is applicable to filter elements having a rated flow of between 50 l/h and 800 l/h; however, by agreement between filter manufacturer and customer, and with some modification, the procedure is permitted for application to fuel filters with higher flow rates. The parameters employed in the MP Test are:

-   -   Test dust used: ISO Fine     -   Flow rate: 1.89 liter/min     -   Oil viscosity: 15 mm²/s @ 43° C.=109° F.     -   Injection gravimetric: 75.7 mg/liter     -   BUGL (Basic Upstream Gravimetric Level): 10 mg/liter

Hand sheets were made using 2.5 micron PET microfiber (Eastman Chemical Company), different grades of fibrillated lyocell (Grades L010, L040, L200 from Engineered Fibers Technology, LLC), and three different types of wood pulp. Most hand sheets also contained Kymene, a wet strength additive, to imitate production conditions, in amounts noted in the tables below.

The “Capacity/Caliper Ratio” was calculated by dividing the media capacity (mg/in²) by the media caliper (mils) in order to normalize the capacity data to account for different sheet caliper thickness. “Overall efficiency at 4 microns” was determined using the multipass (MP) filtration test described previously.

TABLE 1 Composition Furnish Composition Resin Physical Properties - Multipass Normalized % PET Overall % Saturated, Dried, Cured Performance Capacity: = Microfiber % Wet Phenolic SDC Overall Capacity/ Eastman % Fibrillated Strength Resin Basis SDC SDC Air Apparent Efficiency Caliper Hand PET Lyocell Additive Momentive Weight Caliper Permeability Capacity @ 4 microns [mg/inch2/ Sheets Microfiber L010 L040 L200 Kymene 161A [g/m2] [mils] [cfm] @ 125 Pa [mg/inch2] [%] mils] 61 84 16 1.0 16.9 111 19.3 2.37 18.3 99.8 0.95 30 86 14 1.0 16.7 111 20.2 2.77 21.3 99.8 1.05 52 94 6 1.0 16.3 110 18.2 3.04 17.7 99.2 0.97 32 89 11 1.0 16.8 111 24.9 3.36 20.1 99.5 0.81 63 97 3 1.0 13.7 108 16.7 3.62 21.1 99.0 1.26 4 85 15 1.0 16.2 139 33.0 2.60 21.3 98.8 0.64 29 93 7 1.0 17.7 141 27.4 2.74 21.1 99.4 0.77 34 93 7 1.0 16.8 140 25.3 3.00 20.7 99.2 0.82 39 95 5 1.0 17.5 141 30.9 3.45 21.9 99.2 0.71 50 100 0 1.0 17.3 141 29.6 3.70 21.0 97.9 0.71 26 90 10 1.0 16.7 175 34.0 2.49 22.2 99.7 0.65 59 94 6 1.0 17.4 176 39.0 2.70 21.3 99.4 0.55 54 100 0 1.0 17.2 176 31.9 2.98 21.9 98.9 0.69 58 75 25 1.0 17.8 112 27.0 2.32 19.4 99.9 0.72 60 77 23 1.0 18.1 112 24.9 2.58 19.0 99.8 0.76 44 81 19 1.0 16.6 111 31.2 3.00 23.5 99.8 0.75 38 85 15 1.0 16.9 111 27.6 3.17 21.7 99.7 0.79 18 85 15 1.0 17.9 112 26.8 3.39 24.5 99.6 0.92 20 85 15 1.0 16.7 111 30.3 3.41 25.4 99.7 0.84 56 83 17 1.0 18.6 142 30.7 2.48 20.1 99.8 0.65 64 85 15 1.0 14.1 137 37.3 2.76 20.8 99.7 0.56 10 91 9 1.0 17.2 141 33.4 3.03 22.0 99.4 0.66 7 87 13 1.0 16.7 140 39.5 3.37 22.4 99.6 0.57 24 92 8 1.0 17.7 141 38.3 3.38 25.5 99.3 0.67 27 90 10 1.0 19.1 179 42.5 2.74 24.9 99.6 0.59 43 91 9 1.0 16.8 175 43.2 3.04 24.3 99.5 0.56 42 93 7 1.0 18.2 177 44.6 3.21 26.6 99.3 0.60 53 98 2 1.0 18.8 178 42.2 3.25 22.5 98.4 0.53 57 98 2 1.0 21.3 182 40.3 3.39 21.8 98.8 0.54 33 89 11 0.3 15.7 190 30.9 2.08 26.7 99.9 0.87 36 92 8 0.3 15.9 189 31.4 2.40 25.8 99.8 0.82 39 97 3 0.3 15.2 185 29.9 2.92 26.5 99.3 0.89 40 100 0 0.3 15.5 157 29.6 3.20 24.2 98.7 0.82 70 30 0.3 13.8 52 7.4 2.48 20.6 99.9 2.78 60 40 0.3 12.8 53 8.9 1.96 19.5 100.0 2.20 98 2 0.3 14.6 190 29.1 2.83 26.7 99.9 0.92 90 10 0.3 14.4 189 27.3 1.86 27.3 99.9 1.00 41 89 11 0.3 16.9 189 33.9 2.99 25.8 99.2 0.76 43 75 25 0.3 16.1 187 33.4 2.80 17.8 99.5 0.53 45 50 50 0.3 16.9 185 31.6 2.18 20.7 99.9 0.65 46 95 5 0.3 15.3 186 29.2 2.63 23.1 99.5 0.79 47 92 8 0.3 15.3 186 36.0 2.45 23.0 99.8 0.64 48 89 11 0.3 17.0 189 33.9 2.05 23.1 99.9 0.68

The data in Table 1 above demonstrate that filtration media formed of PET microfibers and fibrillated lyocell microfibers exhibited an advantageous capacity/caliper ratio of 0.5 mg/in²/mils and greater at approximately 98% efficiency at 4 microns or higher.

Example 2

Example 1 was repeated except that filtration media was formed on a standard Fourdrinier wet-laid paper line. The results of these trials are shown in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Composition Resin Physical Properties - Multipass Normalized Furnish Composition Overall % Saturated, Dried, Cured Performance Capacity: = % % Wet Phenolic SDC Air Apparent Overall Capacity/ % PET Fibrillated Strength Resin SDC Basis Permeability Capacity Efficiency Caliper Microfiber Lyocell Additive Momentive Weight SDC Caliper [cfm] @ [mg/in²] @ 4 microns [mg/inch2/ Roll Sample 2.5 microns L010-4 Kymene 161A [g/m2] [mils] 125 Pa [mg/inch2] [%] mils]  1A 84 16 0.1 17 139 18.4 2.58 17.0 98.4 0.92  2A 84 16 0.1 17 145 19.0 2.76 16.4 97.6 0.86  3A 84 16 0.1 17 115 18.1 3.37 16.9 97.4 0.93  4B 84 16 0.1 17 96 14.5 4.73 18.2 94.2 1.26  7A 86 14 0.1 17 151 16.7 1.96 18.0 99.6 1.08  8B 86 14 0.1 17 180 21.2 1.54 15.1 99.9 0.71  9B 86 14 0.1 17 177 22.9 1.58 17.0 99.8 0.74 10B 86 14 0.1 17 198 24.8 1.42 14.1 99.9 0.57 11A 89 11 0.1 17 139 18.0 3.33 21.3 97.6 1.18 12B 89 11 0.1 17 125 16.8 3.96 20.8 94.9 1.24 13B 89 11 0.1 17 174 22.1 2.44 21.2 99.1 0.96 14B 89 11 0.1 17 144 20.6 3.84 22.5 95.4 1.09

The data in Table 2 above confirms that the capacity/caliper ratio is 0.5 mg/in²/mils and greater for all basis weights, even though the ratio tends to decrease with an increase in basis weight. The data also shows that the media had acceptable filtration efficiency of 95% or greater at 4 microns, typically 97% or greater at 4 microns.

Example 3

Example 1 was repeated with different amounts of natural wood pulp blended with the PET microfibers and fibrillated lyocell microfibers in varying amounts. The data appear in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Composition Fiber Furnish Composition Resin % Wet Overall % % PET % Fibrillated % Wood Pulp Strength Phenolic Resin Microfiber Lyocell Alabama Grand Additive Momentive Hand Sheets 2.5 microns L010 Sodra Red Pine HPZIII Prairie Fibria Kymene 161A 69 11 20 0.0 16.0 69 12 19 0.0 16.0 67 16 17 0.0 16.0  1 89 11 0 0.3 15.6  3 84 11 5 0.3 15.8  5 79 11 10 0.3 16.6  7 74 11 15 0.3 16.0  9 69 11 20 0.3 16.6 11 64 11 25 0.3 16.3 13 84 11 5 0.3 16.0 15 79 11 10 0.3 16.7 17 74 11 15 0.3 16.7 19 69 11 20 0.3 16.9 21 64 11 25 0.3 16.9 23 84 11 5 0.3 18.1 25 79 11 10 0.3 16.9 27 74 11 15 0.3 16.9 29 69 11 20 0.3 18.9 31 64 11 25 0.3 17.2 30 20 50 0.3 13.5 30 5 65 0.3 16.1 30 20 50 0.3 13.9 30 10 60 0.3 15.8 30 20 50 0.3 17.4 Physical Properties - Multipass Normalized Saturated, Dried, Cured Performance Capacity: = SDC Air Apparent Overall Capacity/ SDC Basis SDC Permeability Capacity Efficiency Caliper Weight Caliper [cfm] @ [mg/in²] @ 4 microns [mg/inch2/ Hand Sheets [g/m2] [mils] 125 Pa [mg/inch2] [%] mils] 127 28.0 4.88 19.4 99.5 0.69 124 33.0 5.69 17.8 99.5 0.54 128 27.2 3.50 20.0 99.7 0.74  1 201 34.59 2.10 22.0 99.8 0.63  3 197 36.45 2.23 21.3 99.8 0.59  5 201 35.40 2.12 20.3 99.8 0.57  7 199 30.37 1.88 17.0 99.8 0.56  9 208 38.74 2.07 13.0 99.6 0.33 11 208 35.63 1.78 17.8 99.7 0.50 13 197 36.97 2.10 19.2 99.8 0.52 15 200 35.47 2.04 21.8 99.7 0.61 17 203 38.22 2.13 21.3 99.7 0.56 19 202 33.12 2.12 17.8 99.7 0.54 21 206 35.35 2.22 15.1 99.7 0.43 23 211 38.90 2.37 19.9 99.8 0.51 25 207 43.59 2.68 25.4 99.7 0.58 27 198 35.46 2.72 20.1 99.6 0.57 29 203 37.27 2.89 19.4 99.5 0.52 31 201 41.70 3.08 20.8 99.3 0.50 189 27.30 1.03 13.0 100.0 0.48 189 25.66 2.62 12.0 95.8 0.47 190 34.30 1.57 16.8 100.0 0.49 191 36.00 2.66 17.0 99.5 0.47 197 43.50 2.66 21.3 99.9 0.49

The data above demonstrate that the addition of natural wood pulp to a blend of PET nanofibers and fibrillated lyocell deteriorates the capacity properties of the filtration media. At levels above about 20-25 wt. %, the wood pulp can cause the capacity/caliper ratio to decrease below 0.5 mg/in²/mils and thus should be avoided.

Example 4

Example 1 was repeated with different amounts of fibrillated lyocell. The data appear in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 Composition Physical Properties - Multipass Normalized Fiber Furnish Resin Saturated, Dried, Cured Performance Capacity: = % Wet Overall % SDC Apparent Overall Capacity/ % PET % Fibrillated Strength Phenolic Resin Basis SDC SDC Air Capacity Efficiency Caliper Hand Microfiber Lyocell Additive Momentive Weight Caliper Permeability [mg/in²] @ 4 microns [mg/inch2/ Sheets 2.5 microns L010 Kymene 161A [g/m2] [mils] [cfm] @ 125 Pa [mg/inch2] [%] mils] 1 100 0 0 19.85 57.76 8.5 8.40 21.1 95.3 2.49 2 98 2.5 0 17.91 54.04 7.7 7.69 18.2 96.9 2.36 3 95 5 0 16.62 51.95 8.06 7.03 16.9 97.7 2.10 4 90 10 0 17.89 56.57 7.5 5.40 18.4 98.8 2.46 5 85 15 0 15.7 54.04 6.7 4.12 14.8 99.6 2.21 6 80 20 0 17.77 56.12 8.0 4.12 14.3 99.7 1.79 7 100 0 0 18.08 110.31 16.0 4.28 23.7 97.8 1.49 8 98 2.5 0 17.62 108.97 15.8 4.40 23.1 98.7 1.46 9 95 5 0 17.66 109.56 16.3 3.89 22.8 98.9 1.40 10 90 10 0 17.28 108.52 15.3 3.58 21.9 99.4 1.44 11 85 15 0 17.33 109.11 17.7 2.83 21.1 99.7 1.19 12 80 20 0 16.32 107.63 16.7 2.13 20.2 99.9 1.21 13 100 0 0 19.67 161.22 30.6 3.40 25.8 98.4 0.84 14 98 2.5 0 18.67 158.68 24.10 3.10 22.5 99.1 0.93 15 95 5 0 17.56 158.54 26.75 2.90 26.4 99.5 0.99 16 90 10 0 15.86 160.47 22.80 2.20 17.1 99.9 0.75 17 85 15 0 17.53 166.43 24.70 1.84 19.2 99.9 0.78 18 80 20 0 17.85 167.62 27.90 1.65 21.3 100.0 0.77 19 100 0 0 18.14 218.23 40.00 3.13 25.9 98.8 0.65 20 98 2.5 0 17.56 221.21 38.68 2.57 24.0 99.5 0.62 21 95 5 0 16.72 219.87 36.10 2.30 18.3 99.7 0.51 22 90 10 0 16.8 217.04 38.40 1.78 21.9 99.9 0.57 23 85 15 0 15.49 212.42 34.30 1.45 17.1 99.9 0.50 24 80 20 0 16.84 218.38 32.70 1.28 17.9 99.9 0.55

The data in Table 4 above show that fibrillated lyocell staple fibers when added in a relatively small amount (e.g, about 2.5 wt. % or more) to PET microfibers increases the filtration efficiency of the media. This is further shown by the graph of FIG. 1. Specifically, FIG. 1 shows that at 2.5 wt. % fibrillated lyocell, increased filtration efficiencies across all basis weights of the filtration media ensue. Thus, for higher basis weight media, amounts of fibrillated lyocell less than 2.5 wt. % may be present in order to achieve filtration efficiency of about 98% or greater.

The data also show that, although the relative amounts of the PET nanofibers and fibrillated lyocell nanofibers can be varied, generally it is the fibrillated lyocell nanofibers that contribute to an increased efficiency, while the PET nanofibers contribute to an increased filtration capacity. With higher basis weight, the filtration media generally exhibits higher capacity due to increase in caliper, and the pore structure gets smaller and more compact due to more filtration depth. Therefore, using the very same two components, the fibrillated lyocell nanofiber content must be decreased with an increase in basis weight in order to maintain the same efficiency level (which in this case, means that capacity will increase). With different grades (that is, different CSF characteristics) of fibrillated lyocell nanofibers, the absolute amount of the fibers will vary greatly. For example, the data show that substantially double the amount of the EFTec™ L200 Lyocell nanofibers yields the same efficiency level as compared to the EFTec™ L010 Lyocell nanofibers. The data in general show that a minimum amount of about 2.5 wt. % EFTec™ L010 fibrillated Lyocell nanofibers would be required while a maximum of 50 wt. % EFTec™ L200 fibrillated Lyocell nanofibers was required to achieve acceptable efficiency performance characteristics.

Example 5

Experimental glassfree media of this invention were grooved with the following dimensions being achieved:

Commercial Experimental Experimental Dimensions [mils] Glass Media 7B 13B SD Overall Caliper 38 38 39 SD Groove Depth 13 21 19 SD Optical Caliper A 28 19 20

The table above shows that while the actual “flat” caliper of the experimental media is much smaller than the “flat” caliper of the commercial glass media, the same overall grooved caliper could be achieved by imparting a much larger groove. This means additional three dimensional filtration area is created, resulting in additional filtration performance in a converted filter. It was also observed that other hand sheets embodying the present invention could be grooved without cracking at SD Groove Depths of up to 29 mils.

While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope thereof. 

What is claimed is:
 1. High efficiency and high capacity glass-free filtration media comprising a blend of synthetic non-fibrillated staple fibers and fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers, wherein the fibrillated cellulosic fibers are present in the media in an amount to achieve an overall filtration efficiency at 4 microns of about 95% or higher and a ratio of filtration capacity to media caliper of 0.5 mg/in²/mils and greater.
 2. The filtration media of claim 1, wherein the synthetic non-fibrillated stable fibers are formed of a thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polyalkylenes, poyacrylonitriles, and polyamides.
 3. The filtration media of claim 1, wherein the synthetic staple fibers are microfibers having an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 microns and an average length of less than about 25 millimeters.
 4. The filtration media of claim 3, wherein the microfibers have an average fiber diameter of less than about 8 microns.
 5. The filtration media of claim 3, wherein the microfibers have an average fiber diameter of less than about 5 microns.
 6. The filtration media of claim 3, wherein the synthetic staple fibers are polyethylene terephthalate microfibers.
 7. The filtration media of claim 6, wherein the polyethylene terephthalate microfibers are the water-washed residue of water non-dispersible sulfopolyester fibers having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 25° C., the sulfopolyester comprising (i) about 50 to about 96 mole % of one or more residues of isophthalic acid or terephthalic acid; (ii) about 4 to about 30 mole %, based on the total acid residues, of a residue of sod iosulfoisophthalic acid; (iii) one or more diol residues wherein at least 25 mole %, based on the total diol residues, is a poly(ethylene glycol) having a structure H—(OCH₂—CH₂)_(n)—OH, wherein n is an integer in the range of 2 to about 500; and (iv) 0 to about 20 mole %, based on the total repeating unites, of residues of a branching monomer having 3 or more hydroxyl, and/or carboxyl functional groups.
 8. The filtration media of claim 1, wherein the synthetic staple fibers are present in an amount between about 50 wt. % to about 99.5 wt. % ODW.
 9. The filtration media of claim 1, wherein the fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers comprise fibrillated lyocell nanofibers.
 10. The filtration media of claim 9, wherein the fibrillated lyocell nanofibers are present in an amount of between about 0.5 to about 50 wt. % ODW.
 11. The filtration media of claim 10, wherein the media has a basis weight of between about 15 gsm to about 300 gsm.
 12. The filtration media of claim 1, wherein the fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers possess a Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) of about 300 mL or less.
 13. The filtration media of claim 1, wherein the synthetic staple fibers are polyethylene terephthalate microfibers having an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 microns and an average length of less than about 25 millimeters which are present in an amount of between about 50 wt. % to about 99.5 wt. % ODW, and wherein the fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers are fibrillated lyocell fibers having a Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) of about 300 mL or less which are present in an amount of at least about 0.5 to about 50 wt. % ODW.
 14. The filtration media of claim 1, wherein the fibrillated cellulosic fibers have an average diameter of about 1000 nanometers or less and an average length between about 1 mm to about 8 mm.
 15. The filtration media of claim 1, further comprising natural wood pulp blended with the synthetic non-fibrillated staple fibers and fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers.
 16. The filtration media of claim 15, wherein the natural wood pulp is present in an amount of about 25 wt. % ODW or less.
 17. The filtration media of claim 16, wherein the natural wood pulp is present in an amount of about 20 wt. % ODW or less.
 18. The filtration media of claim 1, further comprising a resin binder.
 19. The filtration media of claim 18, wherein the resin binder is at least one selected from the group consisting of styrene acrylic, acrylic, polyethylene vinyl chloride, styrene butadiene rubber, polystyrene acrylate, polyacrylates, polyvinyl chloride, polynitriles, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol derivates, starch polymers, epoxy, phenolics and combinations thereof.
 20. The filtration media of claim 18, wherein the resin binder is present in an amount of between about 2 to about 50 wt. % SDC.
 21. The filtration media of claim 1, further comprising at least one additive selected from the group consisting of wet strength additives, optical brighteners, fiber retention agents, colorants, fuel-water separation aides, and flame or fire retardants.
 22. The filtration media of claim 1, comprising longitudinally extending and latitudinally separated grooves.
 23. The filtration media of claim 1, wherein the filtration media is pleated.
 24. A multilayer filter comprising a filtration layer comprised of the filtration media of claim 1, and at least one additional material layer.
 25. The multilayer filter of claim 24, wherein the at least one additional layer comprises a second filtration media layer that is laminated to the filtration layer.
 26. The multilayer filter of claim 24, wherein the at least one additional material layer is a supporting layer to support the filtration layer.
 27. The multilayer filter of claim 24, which is pleated and includes a wire mesh supporting layer co-pleated with the filtration media.
 28. A filter unit comprising filtration media according to claim
 1. 29. A method of making filtration media comprising forming a wet laid sheet from a fibrous slurry comprised of a blend of synthetic non-fibrillated staple fibers and fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers, and drying the sheet to obtain the filtration media, wherein the fibrillated cellulosic fibers are present in the filtration media in an amount to achieve an overall filtration efficiency at 4 microns of about 95% or higher and a ratio of filtration capacity to media caliper of 0.5 mg/in²/mils and greater.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the synthetic non-fibrillated stable fibers are formed of a thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polyalkylenes, poyacrylonitriles, and polyamides.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the synthetic staple fibers are microfibers having an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 microns and an average length of less than about 25 millimeters.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the synthetic staple fibers are polyethylene terephthalate microfibers.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the polyethylene terephthalate microfibers are the water-washed residue of water non-dispersible sulfopolyester fibers having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 25° C., the sulfopolyester comprising (i) about 50 to about 96 mole % of one or more residues of isophthalic acid or terephthalic acid; (ii) about 4 to about 30 mole %, based on the total acid residues, of a residue of sodiosulfoisophthalic acid; (iii) one or more diol residues wherein at least 25 mole %, based on the total diol residues, is a poly(ethylene glycol) having a structure H—(OCH₂—CH₂)_(n)—OH, wherein n is an integer in the range of 2 to about 500; and (iv) 0 to about 20 mole %, based on the total repeating unites, of residues of a branching monomer having 3 or more hydroxyl, and/or carboxyl functional groups.
 34. The method of claim 29, wherein the synthetic staple fibers are present in an amount between about 50 wt. % to about 99.5 wt. % ODW.
 35. The method of claim 29, wherein the fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers comprise fibrillated lyocell nanofibers.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the fibrillated lyocell nanofibers are present in an amount of between about 0.5 to about 50 wt. % ODW.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the media has a basis weight of between about 15 gsm to about 300 gsm.
 38. The method of claim 29, wherein the fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers possess a Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) of about 300 mL or less.
 39. The method of claim 29, wherein the synthetic staple fibers are polyethylene terephthalate microfibers having an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 microns and an average length of less than about 25 millimeters which are present in an amount of between about 50 wt. % to about 99.5 wt. % ODW, and wherein the fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers are fibrillated lyocell fibers having a Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) of about 300 mL or less which are present in an amount of at least about 0.5 to about 50 wt. % ODW.
 40. The method of claim 29, wherein the fibrillated cellulosic fibers have an average diameter of about 1000 nanometers or less and an average length between about 1 mm to about 8 mm.
 41. The method of claim 29, further comprising blending natural wood pulp with the synthetic non-fibrillated staple fibers and fibrillated cellulosic staple fibers of the fibrous slurry.
 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the natural wood pulp is present in an amount of about 25 wt. % ODW or less.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the natural wood pulp is present in an amount of about 20 wt. % ODW or less.
 44. The method of claim 29, further comprising applying at least one resin binder to the filtration media.
 45. The filtration media of claim 44, wherein the resin binder is at least one selected from the group consisting of styrene acrylic, acrylic, polyethylene vinyl chloride, styrene butadiene rubber, polystyrene acrylate, polyacrylates, polyvinyl chloride, polynitriles, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol derivates, starch polymers, epoxy, phenolics and combinations thereof.
 46. The method of claim 44, wherein the resin binder is present in an amount of between about 2 to about 50 wt. % SDC.
 47. The method of claim 29, which further comprises blending with the fibrous slurry at least one additive selected from the group consisting of wet strength additives, optical brighteners, fiber retention agents, colorants, fuel-water separation aides.
 48. The method of claim 29, further comprising forming longitudinally extending and latitudinally separated grooves in the filtration media.
 49. The method of claim 29, further comprising laminating at least one additional filtration media layer to the filtration media.
 50. The method of claim 29, further comprising pleating the filtration media.
 51. The method of claim 50, further comprising co-pleating at least one supporting layer with the filtration media.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the supporting layer is a wire mesh layer. 